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However, the ancient author seems to have gone too far in what seems to have been Arrhidaeus’ born deficiency. Fast Facts: Olympias Known For: Olympias was the queen of Macedonia and the mother of Alexander the Great. As for her mother, she is absent from sources, but some scholars have suggested that she was a Chaonian princess, in northwestern Epirus. She met her husband, King Philip II (Alexander the Great’s father), on the Aegean island of Samonthrace. Giving birth to a son presented new challenges and opportunities for Olympias. Yet, it also brought conflict into a royal house with other wives thinking for the path to kingship of their own sons. In 336 BC, Philip arranged the marriage of Cleopatra, his daughter by Olympias. Learning of Cassander’s progress, Olympias sent her newly appointed general Aristonous to intercept Cassander. Olympias, (born c. 375 bc—died 316), wife of Philip II of Macedonia and mother of Alexander the Great. Cassander had to avoid two other potential blockades: Polyperchon had stationed his army at Perrhabeia ready to intercept Cassander’s advance. It has its roots in the growing pressure from Philip’s Macedonian friends on him marrying a woman of true Macedonian blood. Olympias of Epirus. For this, he sought to renew and strengthen his alliance with Epirus by offering to Olympias’ brother Cleopatra, his daughter with Olympias (thus Alexander’s niece). Neoptolemus I King of Epirus Reign370-357 BC PredecessorAlceta… . Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Required fields are marked *, Copyright ©2021 Designed by By all accounts, Olympias was a  domineering and interfering mother who sought to pave the way for Alexander’s accession into the throne. Olympias was the daughter of Molossians King Neoptolemus I. Molossians was an ancient Greek tribe in Epirus (presently in between Albania and Greece) south-west to Macedonia. By 324, Olympias was in Epirus. Dardania: Kingdom & Land of the Dardanians, Albanian Wildlife: Top 10 Animals That Roam in Albania. She died in the year 316 BC. Trondheim. Alexander I was her brother. Your email address will not be published. VI. Sonderdruck aus Band. Olympias quarreled repeatedly with Antipater, regent of Macedonia during the early years of Alexander’s invasion of Asia, and eventually retired again, about 331, to Epirus. Whitehorne J. E. G. (1994). Dodona and Neoptolemus. . Olympias, as the myth says, was sleeping with snakes and feeding reptiles. ). Historiarum Philippicarum. Other accounts mention Olympias paying respects to Pausanias’ body (Philip’s assassin) rather than Philip’s. A publication of the Stoa: a Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities, R. Scaife and A. Mahoney, edd. Cleopatras. Corrections? Alexander’s accession paved the way for Olympias prominence in Macedon. Meanwhile, Aeacides of Epirus could also come to the aid of Olympias if necessary. Justin, M. I. Epitoma. Philip’s polygamy did not threaten her position until 337, when he … As a result, most of Adea’s army defected to Olympias’ side. As a member of the Aeacidae, Olympias was thought that she descended “from Aeacus by Neoptolemus” (Plutarch, Lives, Alexander, II), a mythical king who was the grandfather of Achilles. The queen clearly hopes on some naval assistance from Eumenes. Serpent (symbolism)-Wikipedia The combination of the successes related with Alexander’s birth made the Macedonian consider the infant prince as a good omen. But, who is the man whose face is showed in the top-right corner? Olympias of Epirus; Fluff; I Don't Even Know; Summary. The regent queen counted on Aristonous loyalty and experience: he had participated in Alexander’s expeditions as a somatophylax, one of the seventh highest honored bodyguards. Olympias’ cultivated a popular and reputable reputation among the Greeks. It eventually came down to a conflict between two Argead women representing two different, traditionally conflicting, Argead branches. More importantly, in the mind of Macedonians, Olympias represented stability and glory; her figure being a symbol of the order and prosperity experienced during the reign of Philip and Alexander. Omissions? OLYMPIAS, daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, wife of Philip II. The regent needed Olympias’ popularity and charisma that he apparently lacked himself among his fellow Macedonians. of Macedon, and mother of Alexander the Great.Her father claimed descent from Pyrrhus, son of Achilles. The nature of her relations with her daughter remain unclear but those with her son Alexander appear more frequently. Even Olympias’ name as a youth, Myrtale (“Myrtle”) seems to illustrate Olympias’ dedication to Dionysiac rites. Marriage with Philip. Updates? Soon after, Adea also fell captive while trying to make way to Amphipolis with Polycles, one of her consullers. Upon returning to Epirus, Olympias overthrew from the regency position her daughter Cleopatra (ruled 330-328) and took that office for herself, on behalf of her nephew Neoptolemus II. The threat to Alexander’s kingship inheritance materialized in 337 when Philip decided to marry a Macedonian noble called Cleopatra (who would change her name to Eurydice). We are told that Olympias started a plot that involved her brother assaulting the neighbouring Macedon. As is well known, women are the fairer sex. Another element present in Olympias was her zealous dedication to the cult of Dionysius, a cult that in Olympias’ practice involved snake charmings and sexual rituals among groups of women. Olympias was the driving force behind Alexanders rise to the throne of Macedonia and she was, a… The wedding celebrations between Cleopatra and Alexander I of Molossia took place in summer at Aegae, old Macedonian capital. Botimet Toena, 2002. The daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, Olympias apparently was originally named Myrtale. In Plutarch’s view, the couple’s source of problems were Olympias’ snake charming cults. Thus, Adea’s haste to meet Olympia’s army in open battle with her Macedonian home army. The match was expected to bring a true Macedonian heir. Many then believed Olympias was behind the murder of her own husband Philip. Olympias exiled herself in Epirus while Alexander did the same in Illyria. But while this may be true in terms of out-and-out physical strength it certainly isn’t in terms of the intellect and/or will. At her orders, soldiers slew Philip’s other widow Cleopatra/Eurydice and her infant daughter Europa. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Neoptolemus I of Epirus was a Greek king of Epirus and son of Alcetas I, and father of Troas, Alexander I of Epirus and Queen Olympias. The new ruler immediately led a purge against any contented to the throne and enemies. So much for Olympias’ efforts, for Cassander reached Pydna in no time, laying siege to the city and blockading its harbor. Das molossische Königshaus von Epirus leitete seine Abstammung von dem mythischen Helden Achilleus her. Olympias opponent Adea realized that letting another highly regarded Argead take custody of Alexander IV would reduce her husband Arrhidaeus and herself into inferior, negligible status. When Olympias turned eighteen, in 357, she married Philip II, ten years older. The daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, Olympias apparently was originally named Myrtale. Accordingly, the king had Olympias retreat in Epirus with Cleopatra taking her mother’s place in Macedon. BC - ?) The queen had to send a personal letter to Aristonous in Amphipolis for him, still loyal, to give up the fight. She marked her return in Macedon with a purge. Also, some recollections of how Alexander and Hephaestion met. Elle s'est marié avec Alexander of Epirus, ils ont eu 1 enfant. (2017). This act resonated with the Macedonians troop’s dedication to Dionysos on the opposing ranks. Olympias of Epirus: The Surreal Story of a King’s Mother Olympias’ Family & Lineage. Olympias OF EPIRUS was born in the year 375 BC in Epirus, daughter of Neoptolemus I OF EPIRUS and (Not public). We can credit her for Alexander’s later fascination with Trojan heroes, especially Achilles, with the Macedonian prince carrying a copy of “Iliad” with him at all times. Plutarch mentions Alexander’ mother on the very first page of his Life. After the victory Olympias assumed yet another name, “Stratonice” meaning “victorious commander”. This explains her natural hate for Cassander. She was condemned to death by the Macedonian assembly, but Cassander’s soldiers refused to carry out the sentence. Olympias is noted by Hyperides in his speeches for donating to temples, sending associated on “shopping trips” to the great agora in Athens, as well as addressing the Athenian ekklesia [assembly] through letters on several occasions” In 324, Olympias had the capacity and authority to send an embassy to Athens, demanding extradition for Harpalus (Alexander’s treasurer who went rogue). Kittelä S-I. Olympias had Arrhidaeus and Adea walled up, then had the first executed (having technically ruled for six years and two months) and the latter forced into suicide. The queen made a habit of having a snake near her in the marital bed, a habit that “dulled the ardour of Philip’s attention to his wife” so that the king ousted her “either because he feared that some spells and enchantments might be practised upon him by her, or because he shrank from her embraces in the conviction that she was the partner of a superior being”. She was to … In Macedonian view, young Alexander was half-Macedonian, half Barbarian (Olympias was considered non-Macedonian/Bardanian due to her Chaonian and/or Molossian ethnicity). This is the first painting for what will be a series about Alexander the Great and his conquests of Greece, Persia, Egypt and India (maybe a book someday? Olympias of Epirus was born around 375 B.C.E. Later she may have been called Olympias as a recognition of Philip’s victory in the Olympic Games of 356 bc. Neoptolemus I of Epirus Neoptolemus I of Epirus (Greek: Νεοπτόλεμος Α' Ηπείρου) (370-357 BC) was a Greek king of Epirus and son of Alcetas I, and father of Troas, Alexander I of Epirus and Queen Olympias. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Epirus, Olympias was already away from the cut-throat politics, free to mourn her loss. Once Olympias joined the conflict, she outranked Polyperchon both by virtue of her greater popularity and by virtue of larger forces she commanded. Here, Olympias came forward dressed as a Bacchante to the beat of a tympanum drum. The two forces met in Euia, an unidentified place in Dassaretis (current southeast Albania). Gentius was king... Albanian wildlife is rich in mid-size mammals and flyi... Bardylis ("Bardhyll" in modern Albanian language meani... Albanian Paintings: Top 10 Masterpieces to Discover in Albania, First Illyrian War: Roman Republic’s First Military Engagement in Eastern Adriatic. The Molossian princess learned at a young age the power of symbols and their influence in politics, even using herself in a symbolic manner. All rights reserved. On news about affairs in Macedon reaching him, he quickly came to terms with the Tegeans and led his army on march to Macedon. Also, the new regent queen had some a hundred  Macedonian nobles loyal to Cassander killed as well, among whom Cassander’s brother Nicanor. The only ones left were part of her retinue: young Alexander IV, her daughter Cleopatra, and her step-daughter Thessalonike. Olympias withdrew to Epirus, returning after Philip’s assassination (336). Her popularity in Athens is especially meaningful. Als Geburtsnamen der Olympias werden Polyxena, Myrtale und Stratonike angegeben; den Namen Olympias erhielt sie erst kurz nach ihrer Heirat mit Philipp II. After Euia, Olympias, with Arrhidaeus and Adea captive, entered victorious in Pella, where she physically took the guardianship of Alexander IV. This forced Cassander into an alternative route. Upon the death of Antipater in 319 (Alexander had died in 323), his successor, Polyperchon, invited Olympias to act as regent for her young grandson, Alexander IV (Alexander the Great’s son). The too-close-for-comfort marriage was, like most of Philip II’s marriages, a political maneuver to gain him more allies. She was married in the year 357 BC to (Not public), they gave birth to 1 child. Retrouvez Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Cyclone Themes, Olympias of Epirus: The Surreal Story of a King’s Mother, Damastion: The Secret Story of a Silver-Rich City, Bardylis: World Class King Who Missed the Spotlight, Cassander: The Self-Made King of (What Was Left Of) Macedon. And in a scene worthy of a Greek drama, Justin writes the following: “Olympias, seeing armed men advancing towards her, bent upon her destruction, went voluntarily to meet them, dressed in her regal apparel…she did not shirk from the sword or the blow, or crying out like a woman…As she was expiring, she is said to have settled her hair, and to have covered her feet with her robe, that nothing unseemly might appear about her” (Just. Noté /5. In Epirus Olympias found her brother already at the Molossian throne. Also, Olympias seems to have claimed descent from Helenus of Troy, son of King Priam and Hecuba, a popular belief among the Chaonians. Although a successful invasion of Macedon from Epirot forces would have been difficult, Philip feared Olympias’ influence in such projects. The things then get so complicated that the scholars must agree Olympias had no meaningful role in the assassination; even ancient authors did not explicitly put the murder on Olympias. Powered by WordPress She declined his request until 317, when Antipater’s son Cassander established Philip II’s simpleminded son Philip III (Arrhidaeus) as king of Macedonia. Olympias, on her own at Pydna, could count on a very small force, no match for Cassander’s approaching army. Thus, Cassander sent a detachment of his forces to engage Polyperchon where he was. During the whole period of Olympias’ return and establishment in Macedon, Cassander was tangled south in the siege of Tegea, Peloponnesus. Attalus himself made this point at a banquet celebrating the match, a remark that angered Alexander. Olympias of Epirus, mother of Alexander the Great, believed to be a snake-worshipper. (Plutarch, Lives, Alexander, II). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Specifically Olympias’ grain quantity was 72,600 medimnos (at least 3,760,680 kg), second only to Athens’ 100,000 medimos. & However, when she made her move, her allies were at a loss; Eumenes was fighting an unwinnable war in Asia while Cassander had crushed Polyperchon’s troops in Greece. Yet, after her surrender, Cassander gathered an “assembly of Macedonians” to judge the queen. In fact, tensions between the two so intensified that Alexander had to interfere himself to prevent a destabilization of Macedon. Routledge, 2001. Assassins were sent to Attalus who had offended Alexander, killing him too. And why did Giulio Romano paint the legs of Zeus as the body of a snake? Epirus regained its independence from Macedon after Alexander’s death under King Pyrrhus, with a certain amount of judicious help from the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Albanopedia This strong lineage combined with a focus on martial prowess and the powerful authority of women in a Molossian society shaped a strong and ambitious character in Olympias. Olympias II d'Épire (en grec Ὀλυμπιάς) est une reine d' Épire du IIIe siècle av. The available contingent consisted only of some court soldiers, some Ambracian cavalry men and a few of Polyperchon’s elephants. In 319/318 BC, Arrybas, Aeacides' father and the regent of Epirus, died leaving Epirus to the joint kings Aeacides and Neoptolemus. This information is part of by on Genealogy Online. However, the scale of such executions considerably damaged her reputations among Macedonians. Among the names of the states and their respective grain relief/subsidy quantity, only two individual names appear: Olympias and her daughter’s Cleopatra. The latter advised her to move cautiously, not openly siding with a faction before fighting revealed more insights. By summer or autumn 317, Olympias made up her mind: she accepted Polyperchon’s offer. This would ensure a true Macedonian heir. From overcoming oppression, to breaking rules, to reimagining the world or waging a rebellion, these women of history have a story to tell. Plutarch’s accusation of Olympias for poisoning Alexander’s half-brother Arrhidaeus causing him dementia reflects the rivalling nature in Philip’s household. She put to death Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife, as well as Cassander’s brother and a hundred of his partisans. In honor of her husband’s victory at the Olympic Games, Alexander’s mother took the name Olympias. With the execution of Adea and Arrhidaeus, Olympias’ grandson Alexander IV became the sole king of Macedon at the age of six. Philip’s polygamy did not threaten her position until 337, when he married a high-born Macedonian, Cleopatra. Da ihr Vater früh starb, wuchs sie unter der Vormundschaft ihres Onkels und Schwagers, des Königs Arybbas, auf, der seinem Bruder Neoptolemo… Later she may have been called Olympias as a recognition of Philip’s victory in the Olympic Games of 356 bc. Alexander and his retinue soon overpowered the assassin and with that same speed announced Alexander III as the new king. P… MITTEILUNGEN DER KOMMISSION FÜR ALTE GESCHICHTE UND EPIGRAPHIK DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS. Whether with love or not, the marriage seems to have been arranged by Olympias’ uncle/stepfather Arybbas. In 318 Polyperchon sent words to Olympias in Epirus offering her the guardianship (“epimeleia”) of her grandson Alexander IV. Olympias of Epirus is one of the main characters in the history of the emergency of Macedonia as an international power with Philip II and Alexander. Olympias also had a younger brother, Alexander, who would later become famous for his campaign against the Lucanians and Brutii in southern Italy. Olympias, born sometime around 375 B.C., was the daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus, a kingdom southwest of Macedonia. It was the same year when Philip captured Potidaea, his general Parmenio defeated the Illyrians, and Philip’s “race-horse…won the course” at the Olympic Games in July (Plutarch, Lives, Alexander, III). Ragnor, B. W. (2005). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Olympias surrendered in late 316, after Cassander promised her safety. In the process, she asked Eumenes (a loyal general to the Alexandrians) via letters for his opinion. If she remained inactive, the latter’s execution would be a matter of time. In this scenario, the closest other suspect would be Alexander the Great himself. 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